Does the current system of funding higher education support student Literature review

Does the current system of funding higher education support student academic learning - Literature review Example The authors have not shown the evidence of Universities that are struggling with issues of funding or the ones trying to cut their costs because of poor funding. One may not believe in the results of the study because the authors do not prove some of their claims such as the real reasons affecting universities funding and the level of investments other governments put in their universities (Connaway & Powell 2010, pp. 63-65). This may help in understanding whether indeed UK underinvests in their higher learning institutions compared to other countries. The data source is very reliable because the study has been carried out by a professional organization, Russell Group that entails several higher learning institutions. The group also contains academic professionals such as Professor Michael Arthur who is the chairman of the group (Russell Group 2010, pp. 45-50). There are also financial reports that have been used in carrying out the study. The sources used in the study are also relevant and are very reliable. The data used in the study are up to date because none of them is more than ten years old. Russell Group 2010, Staying on top: The challenge of sustaining world-class higher education in the UK, PP. 1-52, retrieved

Edward taylor and Metaphor Essay Example for Free

Edward taylor and Metaphor Essay The Beauty of Metaphor A Metaphor is defined as a grammatical device that â€Å"compares two different ideas by speaking of one in terms of the other. It asserts that one thing is another thing.† One of the best poets at using the metaphor is Edward Taylor, an intellectual New English Puritan. In his â€Å"Meditation One,† Taylor compares â€Å"God’s Matchless Love† to water, saying that it fills â€Å"Heaven to the Brim!† Then, in his â€Å"The Reflection,† Taylor says â€Å"Earth† was once a â€Å"Paradise of Heaven. † In both instances, Edward Taylor calls one thing something to help emphasize the message he is trying to portray, but ultimately, his metaphor in â€Å"Meditation One† is more effective as it reflects a greater idea. Edward Taylor’s use of metaphor in â€Å"Meditation One† and â€Å"The Reflection† shows how he used metaphors to compare an important topic in his poem to something more relatable, but his metaphor in â€Å"Meditation One† is more effective as it portrays a greater message. Edward Taylor’s use of Metaphor in â€Å"Meditation One† helps portray his message of Gods never ending love for us. In Line 7, Edward Taylor starts the sentence of by saying â€Å"Oh, Matchless Love!filling Heaven to the Brim!† Taylor compares the incomparable love of God to water, as he says it will fill heaven â€Å"to the brim.† By using the verb â€Å"filling,† the reader automatically thinks of something more relatable to his knowledge, water in context to a drink. When one pours water in, the water fills the cup. Ultimately, through his diction choice and use of metaphor, Taylor considers God’s love to be something that fills humanities’ needs. Since it can fill â€Å"Heaven,† it can fill our souls with a never ending joy. This is why Edward Taylor’s use of metaphor is so effective, it ulaitmely leads to a bigger, more important conclusion that can be easily derived through his relatable examples. This metaphor, in comparison to the one in â€Å"The Reflection†, is more effective as it plays a vital role in the establishment of a major theme in the poem. Edward Taylor’s use of metaphor in â€Å"The Reflection† helps portray his message that Earth was once a heavenly place until it was corrupted with sin. In Line 19, Edward Taylor starts the sentence off by saying â€Å"Earth once  was Paradise of Heaven Below.† 1Divine life, living and dead, whatever the case may be, existed on Earth at one period of time, until the corruptness of sin took over the Godly world. In this metaphor, Edward Taylor says that Earth once â€Å"was† a Paradise of Heaven Below, or, in other words, that Earth was once a Heavenly place. In this case, Taylor’s metaphor is much more simple, he calls one thing something else. The metaphor’s main puropose in this case is to call earth, in a past time, a Godly place, until the sinful nature of Adam and Eve led to the abolishment of Earth’s divineness Due to its simplistic nature, and the message that it emphasizes, this metaphor is not as effective as the previous me taphor. In conclusion, Edward Taylor uses metaphor to perfection.2 To think brillianty and to write brilliantly are two completely different things, and Edward Taylor does both. In both cases, Edward Taylor uses metaphor to call one thing something else. In â€Å"Meditation One,† He calls God’s love water, and in â€Å"The Reflection,† calls Earth a once Divine place. Ultimately, in â€Å"Meditation One,† his use of Metaphor is more effective because it conveys a more important message of God’s undeniable love for us.

Free Essay on Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - Cruelness :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Cruelness in Adventures Of Huck Finn Throughout the tale of Huckleberry Finn as told by Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens), almost every character for his or her own reasons lies. This can be considered a commentary on the morality and ethics of man kind by Mr. Clemens. Almost no person exists that has never uttered at lease one untruth. That is one of the wonderful things about this novel. It closely mimics real life. There are characters that lie for personal gain. There are also those that lie only in hopes of helping others. Though both are lies, one can be considered courteous or even heroic at times, where the other can only appear greedy and wrong no matter what light it is viewed in. Mark Twain often uses the river to denote freedom and purity, however just as many lies are told on the river as off. This is because Twain doesn't make the assumption that all lies are wicked, and can thus attach them to his symbol of pure good. Practically every "good" character in Huckleberry Finn lies. Huck himself lies on almost countless occasions. Miss Watson lies on at least one occasion. Jim tells several lies during the tale. Tom Sawyer is practically unable to speak the truth. Yet none of these characters are seen as morally corrupt. The villainous characters lie on a constant basis in the course of the story. The king makes lying an art at times, while the duke lies without pause for his entire appearance in the story. Pap makes up numerous tales during his time in the book. All these characters are considered evil and wrongdoers. The difference is the fact that the latter characters lie in hopes of personal gain, while the first characters lie to help others, or in order to entertain. Nearly every character lies in Huckleberry Finn; it is their motivation for their lies that defines their character to the reader. Huckleberry himself tells many a lie during the story. Perhaps his biggest lie is when he fakes his own death, and makes the whole town look for hi s "dead carcass" (Clemens 32). This caused the widow and Miss Watson a terrible amount of heartache and concern.

Swot Analysis †Wal-Mart

Strengths †¢Best positioned global retailer †¢Established business objective & philosophy that is understood organization wide †¢Firm focus on the strategy of cost leadership by offering everyday low prices (EDLP) through everyday low costs (EDLC) †¢Efficient procurement and logistics system †¢Strong and stable financial performance and positive cash flows for reinvestment in improving operations Weaknesses †¢Significant dependence on the US market to maintain strong sales performance †¢Wal-Mart’s mass market approach as a retailer creates opportunities for ‘market nichers’ to capture specific market segments which may be overlooked. Wal-Mart’s extensive range of products limits its ability to give direct attention to understanding all its customers as opposed to its more focused competitors. †¢FIFO method of accounting for inventory, in the international markets, may not effectively support the strategy of everyday l ow prices. Opportunities †¢There are opportunities to expand in countries with emerging economies †¢There are also opportunities to resuscitate growth in the US market †¢Innovations in technology present the opportunity to further integrate the value chain for increased efficiency to drive EDLC. Threats †¢The unstable economic climate in the USA will continue to negatively impact on Wal-Mart’s performance †¢Wal-Mart can lose customers to more focused competitors if they (competitors) are able to develop a value proposition greater than the simple offering of everyday low prices. †¢Wal-Mart’s global exposure exposes the organization to currency risk, political influences, and other uncertainties that can affect its operations. †¢Wal-Mart’s cost leadership strategy creates intensive price competition which poses a serious risk to profitability if operational costs are not ffectively managed. Wal-Mart is a large retailer that is keenly focused on the business philosophy of saving people money so they can live better. This philosophy drives the organization-wide quest of achieving EDLCs which are leveraged in delivering EDLPs. Based on corporate information, Wal-Mart has a total of 9700 retail units spread across 28 countries, as at Augus t 2011. This represents approximately 985 million square feet of retail space from which sales are generated. This broad network of superstores, discount stores, neighbourhood markets, suppliers, and customers are interconnected in a value delivery network fuelled by information technology. In this system, suppliers are able to track Wal-Mart’s inventory levels in real-time to ensure that products are available on time, in the right quantities, best quality, and at the lowest possible price. Simultaneously, Wal-Mart is able to track purchasing patterns, brand preferences, register customer feedback, and capture other related information for their sales and marketing programme. When it is all put together, Wal-Mart’s use of information technology empowers it to consistently deliver on its promise of everyday low prices, a reliable supply of its vast range of products, and capture an understanding of its customers and members that it serves over 200 million times per week. This, in turn, drives customer satisfaction and loyalty which is reflected in Wal-Mart’s strong financial performance compared to other global retailers. For the 2011 financial year, Wal-Mart’s sales grew by 3. 4% to US$419b and operating income grew by 6. 4% to US$25b. EPS grew by 12% to US$4. 8 and a total of US$19. 2b was paid out to shareholders through dividends or share repurchases. Between the 2009 and 2010 financial years, Wal-Mart has maintained a ROI of 19. 3% falling slightly to 19. 2% in 2011 due mainly to economic challenges within the US market. For comparison, Wal-Mart’s closest global competitor, Carrefour Group, generated a USD equivalent of app roximately $158b in sales for the 2010 financial year (latest full year results available). At the close of the second quarter of their 2011 financial year (August 31, 2011), Carrefour experienced a 2. % increase in sales at the USD equivalent of $58. 3b. However, underperformance in France, Greece, and Italy, due to struggling economies, resulted in a 22% reduction in operating income at a USD equivalent of $1. 1b. These results cements Wal-Mart’s position as the world’s largest and best positioned retailer with respect to sales revenue. On the flip side, Wal-Mart appears to be dependent on its dominance in the US market which showed a flat performance by generating US$260b in sales for the 2011 financial year, compared to US$259b in 2010. Despite expanding during the year to create more retail space, there was reduced customer traffic due to rising unemployment and a 2. 3% reduction in the income of the middle class according to the US Census Bureau. A 1% increase in the poverty rate to 15. 3% also had a negative impact on Wal-Mart’s performance and highlights the challenges within the US economy. In the international segment, the FIFO approach at inventory management and accounting may not entirely support its established strategy of everyday low prices as it does not allow for cost savings to be quickly passed on to its customers. It may also distort the true picture of the company’s financial performance. Putting it all together, the assessment of Wal-Mart’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats identifies the need for a strategic approach towards achieving its objective of 4-6% growth in sales revenue for the 2012 financial year and beyond. Given its dominance in the US market, the company should strategically move to hold/defend its market position by continuing to leverage IT for EDLCs and EDLPs. Aggressive sales promotions, especially through eCommerce, should be used to improve on the flat sales performance for 2011. Wal-Mart should, however, look to the emerging economies for further growth and expansion as they show a faster rate of economic recovery and a growing middle class. China, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia are ranked in the top five on the market potential index for emerging markets with respect to market growth rates. China, India, Russia, Brazil, and Indonesia are ranked in the top five based on market size. Pending further PESTEL Analysis, these emerging markets could potentially hold the key for Wal-Mart’s future expansion.

The Controversy of Black Lives Matter

Brittany Nnane Professor Adam Norman ARW 250 January 1, 2018 The Controversy of Black Lives Matter The developing rise of the Black Lives Matter movement started from a hashtag through social media, essentially Twitter, with the death of Trayvon Martin who was an American African teen who was unarmed and fatally shot by law enforcement in a matter of seconds to abruptly becoming national news. Many unjustified deaths followed: Eric Garner, Michael Brown, Sandra Bland, Philando Castile, Tamir Rice, Freddie Gray, and the list goes on. These cases of unarmed deaths bring the existence of racism. The Black Lives Matter movement is an organization not only to bring awareness to institutionalize racism and violence of police brutality against unarmed African Americans but to seek a solution for the issues. In depth of Black Lives Matter, defined as â€Å"an ideological and political intervention in a world where Black lives are systematically and intentionally targeted for demise. It is an affirmation of Black folks' humanity, our contributions to this society, and our resilience in the face of deadly oppression† (Black Lives Matter). Black Lives Matter, however, has been portrayed in the media as fake news. Some media wrongly think that BLM is racist, anti-white, or black-supremacist. But instance Black Lives Matter is a voice for African Americans to be heard. BLM movement originated in 2013, with three organizers; Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi, who created the black political will in the project of a hashtag #BlackLivesMatter. In response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman of murder in the death of Trayvon Martin. The night Zimmerman killed an unarmed African American 17-year-old male and has the right to stand free, was the night for a change in the nation. The dispute then raised with the fatal gunshot, fired by a white police officer, Darren Wilson that killed Michael Brown on August 9, 2014. This recaptured a debate on race in the United States of America. In November 2014, the verdict left not only Ferguson speechless but the nation, as America took a turn for the worst. The grand jury made their decision not to prosecute Officer Wilson for the murder of Michael Brown as proclaimed excuse is to be in â€Å"self-defence†, which impacted a movement to demand a change on the relationship on law enforcement and American Americans. This then led to a violent riot of disruption from the community as one against the authority. Violence may not be the solution, but it's an expression of anger in the African American community. Not only did this disturb the public eye but it also brought attention from the former president of the United States, Barack Obama as he addressed the discrimination of African Americans in the hands of law enforcement behind a badge which ironically is there to serve and protect. But instead they put fear in the eyes of people of colour, not knowing if putting their hands up, which is a form of surrender will get them killed. As statistics shown according to mapping police violence, African Americans are three times more likely to die from police brutality, defined as use of excessive force (Mapping Police Violence). As the treatment level differs on the colour of your skin as Obama stated, â€Å"you're black you're more likely to be pulled over or searched or arrested, more likely to get longer sentences, more likely to get the death penalty for the same crime† (Davila 762). Officers who have killed innocent lives are infrequently indicted, or have a less conviction for the crime of police brutality illustrated as the use of excessive force. With this statement taking to consideration The Black lives matter association has become hope for all African Americans in the justice system that fails to reveal the truth for the unspoken African Americans that lay dead due to senseless killings. The hashtag is utilized by social media platforms with the intent to provide false news reports about the Black Lives Matter movement, creative a negative image for the organization due to the opinion based claims whom are made without factual information. Media plays a big role on the life of an individual and it can have a huge influence on the mindset of that individual by influencing their thoughts and opinions. This concept goes deeper than the portrayal of media, because it also stems from the history of the African American community. The racial discrimination of African Americans has been an ongoing issue in the United States.History shows how poorly African Americans have been treated in the past and the stigma that is associated with them. A significant example of the hatred that Blacks endured is the creation of the Ku Klux Klan, also known as the KKK, being one of the most famous and oldest hate group in America. Their main motive was to promote terror and violence, mostly targeting African Americans. They targeted these individuals simply because of the color of their skin and many of the people associated with this group, if not all of them weren't fond of equal rights, stating that they â€Å"did not agree with policies that elevated the rights of the local African American population.† (History 2017). In result of them not agreeing with these policies, they aimed to destroy African American community and belittle them, by using tactics such as aggression and false claims. These actions can be related to what we see today through social media outlets who promote fake news against the Black Lives Matter movement, portraying them as something they are not. This group was created with the intention to fight for equal rights, however the media has somewhat changed the narrative and has categorized this movement as being violent. Although a lot of progress has been done since the days where African Americans were slaves, these individuals have not truly gained the equal rights that they have fought for. We live in a society where life is somewhat harder for the average African American, especially African American females.There are many obstacles that these individuals face such as facing institutional racism, colorism, police brutality, and much more. This is why organizations such as the Black Lives Matters movement are formed to push for black equality, and fight for the injustice that many people face in their day to day life. However, these organization as being tarnished by certain media outlets, for example, a news report by Dan Evon made false claims about a Black Lives Matter protest, accusing black individuals of blocking emergency vehicles from providing aid to citizens stranded by Hurricane Harvey in Texas. The photo in the article was not in fact one of the tragedy in Texas, but was actually a picture of a peaceful protest against police brutality in Atlanta, which at the time had no emergency vehicles being blocked. The article labelled the protestors as ‘thugs' and portrayed them as being violent and selfish, as stated in the following excerpt in the article: â€Å"This is just sick! Emergency crews are working hard to make sure that they can be there to rescue Hurricane Harvey victims, but leftist punks from the Black Lives Matter clique don't think people deserve to be saved.† (Snopes 2017). This is a perfect example of the influence that media can have and how it can negative persuade its audience because if one simply reads that article without attempting to validate the story, they would not be very fond of this movement, viewing it as being negative, while in fact this protest was the reaction of a police brutality incident that ended with the death of an innocent young black individual. The Black Lives Matter movement has grown significantly since the civil rights protest that arose after the fatal shooting of Michael Brown, who was gunned down by a police officer in 2014 (Foran 2015). This movement has improved the community substantially providing unity amongst African American, with several campaign trails running through college campuses in order to bring awareness to the younger generation. Presidential candidates, as well as the Democratic and Republican political parties, have shown little to no involvement in the solution of police brutality and racial discrimination. The president of the United States, Donald Trump, opposes the goals that the Black Lives Matter movement is trying to achieve, labelling them as an â€Å"anti-white† organization and has shown no effort to seek a solution for the racial discrimination problem that African American citizens face. It is quite evident that many of the individuals who support Donald Trump are racist, whether it is done covertly or overtly. Throughout his presidential campaign, there were many acts of racism being conducted at his rallies, which made it â€Å"difficult to deny the problem of racism in America† (Foran, 2015). These acts of racism have however helped the African American community unify themselves and fight for what they believe in once again, stated as â€Å"we have also helped catalyze other movements and shifted culture with an eye toward the dangerous impacts of anti-Blackness† (Black Live Matter). The Black Lives Matter movement has grown and is still determined to achieve their end goal, which is to end the racism in the criminal justice system.Black Lives Matter receives many negative backlashes when it was simply founded as a result of Trayvon Martin being killed in 2013. The main goal of the movement is to promote the unity and peace. This movement provides African Americans with a voice and a platform to speak up for their beliefs and for what they deem unacceptable. Organizations such as this are extremely important because not only do they fight against social injustice but they show the younger generation that it is okay to stand up for that they believe is right.With the negative views that the Black Lives Matter receives from certain media outlets, it is crucial for them to find ways to counter the negativity being thrown at them. A poll taken in 2015 to find out how the American nation views BLM, showed that 43 percent of voters had a positive view on the movement, while 53 percent have a negative view on the movement. The effect of the BLM is to promote peace and unity In America, but to also stop discrimination and unnecessary violence against black individuals. However, with these statistics it shows how America looks down upon black achievement and it is reflected through the reactions of social media.  Ã‚  An effective yet simple way to counter negative feedback from the media is to not deviate from their main objective. The organization was created in order to spread awareness to social injustices and was done so peacefully and positively. They must avoid letting what the media portrays them as, i.e. ‘thugs', into becoming a reality. This means continuing to peacefully protest and not getting violent with members of the law enforcement no matter how tragic the situation may be. Another way they can achieve this would be by informing the general public more about what they stand for, and attempting to reach out more to these media organizations that want to put out this false narrative about the movement. By going to these media outlets, it allows them to speak on their own behalf instead of having the media organization speak for them. As well as inviting social media role models to stand by them and promote their message that they are trying to get across. As long as they stay true to their morals and avoid becoming what certain media organization portray them as, the Black Lives Matter movement will successfully be able to avoid whatever the media may throw at them. With the BLM standing by these tactics they were able to become one of Americas largest empowerment groups in American history. The movement still stands today because of their ability to stay resilient against negative claims, states an article on BLM and how a new movement takes shape. â€Å"it's escaped the control of the ruling establishment. Neither police repression nor Democrats have been able to stop the movement. which has confounded the politicians and the news media, accustomed as they are to use the same old scripts to discuss race and protest without challenge† (Smith 2015). This shows how resultant the BLM has been throughout the years and many different companies organizations, and even our political system has tried to shut them down. However, the Black Lives Matter movement continues to stand today and making tremendous progress.In conclusion, Black Lives Matter is a reflection of the voice of black individuals worldwide. The movement is used to speak up against constant oppression and racial discrimination, and fight for equality and peace in this world. BLM stems not only from current day issues but also from historical experiences involving unfair treatment of African American citizens due to pigment of their skin in the control of law enforcement. The organizations motive is to transform the criminal justice system as they seek justice against unresolved countless deaths. BLM has constantly been labeled by white supremacies as ‘gang members' or ‘anti-white supremacies'. All of BLM's efforts are constantly looked down upon as false claims about their peaceful protests are made to give the organization a bad look. Today BLM is constantly working to try to improve society by promoting peace and equality without giving into negative feedback from the media. Overall, BLM continues to fight for what they believe is right, and continues to push for equality and black achievement worldwide. Works Cited#BlackLivesMatter (3). 15 Sept. 2017,  http://bruceashford.net/2017/blacklivesmatter-3-a-summary-of-blm-ideology/.Black Lives Matter.  http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/black-lives-matter-social-media-movement-160803042719539.html. Accessed 7 Dec. 2017.†Black Lives Matter.†Ã‚  Wikipedia, 6 Dec. 2017,  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Lives_Matter&oldid=814071748.CNN, Sara Sidner and Mallory Simon. The Rise of Black Lives Matter.  http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/28/us/black-lives-matter-evolution/index.html. Accessed 7 Dec. 2017.FACT CHECK. 28 Aug. 2017,  https://www.snopes.com/black-lives-matter-emergency-crews-hurricane/.Foran, Clare. â€Å"A Year of Black Lives Matter.†Ã‚  The Atlantic, Dec. 2015,  https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/12/black-lives-matter/421839/. Mà ©ndez, Xhercis. â€Å"Which Black Lives Matter?†Ã‚  Radical History Review, vol. 2016, no. 126, 2016, pp. 96–105, doi:10.1215/01636545-3594445.Petersen-Smith, Khury.  Black Lives Matter | International Socialist Review.  /issue/96/black-lives-matter. Accessed 5 Jan. 2018.Platform.  https://policy.m4bl.org/platform/. Accessed 12 Dec. 2017. Police Have Killed 1,129 People in the U.S. This Year.https://mappingpoliceviolence.org/. Accessed 5 Jan. 2018.Russell Mead, Walter. â€Å"The Making of Black Lives Matter: A Brief History of an Idea.†Ã‚  Foreign Affairs, vol. 96, no. 5, Oct. 2017, pp. 180–180,  http://libaccess.senecacollege.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=125669855&site=ehost-live&scope=site.Teresa Dà ¡vila, Marà ­a. â€Å"Discussing Racial Justice in Light of 2016: Black Lives Matter, a Trump Presidency, and the Continued Struggle for Justice.†Ã‚  Journal of Religious Ethics, vol. 45, no. 4, Dec. 2017, pp. 761–92, doi:10.1111/jore.12199.

Clean Edge Razor Splitting Hairs in Product Positioning

Clean Edge Razor Splitting Hairs in Product Positioning Introduction In the year 2007, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Paramount Company established a team that would oversee the development of the company’s new product into the market with the help of technological innovation. This product was meant to be exceptional in the market through gaining a competitive advantage.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Clean Edge Razor: Splitting Hairs in Product Positioning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The team was made up of expertise from different departments of the company such as production, marketing and R D department. After a thorough evaluation of numerous new designs, they concluded that Paramount company revolutionary product would be ultra-thin, vibrating five-blade design labeled† Clean Edge.† This was done with an aim of the company establishing itself as an innovative leader. The Clean Edge non-disposable razor had attributes that were extrem ely striking and appealing to anyone who would use it. For instance, the handle contained an AAA battery which stimulated the hair follicles upon its vibration (Quelch Becham, 2011, p. 1). Additionally, the razor handle was large and heavier enough to facilitate control, balance and grip while shaving. Similarly, the advanced design (Ultra-thin) of the blade reduced significantly the irritation of the skin. The project team is trying to establish the positioning strategy, marketing, branding and budgeting of the new product in the market so as to attract a wide customer base. The report is going to provide the best solution that needs to be considered if the Clean Edge razor wants to be successful in the market. Discussion Changes have been experienced in various sectors of the non-disposable razor category. For example, this category of razor has continuously recorded an increase in revenue growth. From the year 2007 to 2010, the percentage growth was approximated to be five perce nt (5%) in comparison to 2% of the refill cartridges razors (Quelch Becham, 2011, p.2). The introduction and development of new products has significantly increased the non-disposable razor growth percentage in the market. For instance, Paramount Company has introduced the Clean Edge. Furthermore, the market segment for this type of razor has been categorized into three principal segments taking quality and price into consideration. Under quality, the non-disposable razor category is based on super-premium, moderate and value. The super-premium premium segment in the previous decade has recorded a growth that is significant. This is as a result of the innovation of numerous products including the low resistance blade coating, 5-blade technology, lather bar and glide strips among others. The growth is as shown in the table belowAdvertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Quality volume Dollar Super-premium 25% 34% Moderate 43% 44% Value 32% 22% The above table gives some highlights of the segments retail sales for both the Refill Cartridges and non-disposable razor as per 2009 Data. As compared to previous years, more replacement cartridges and razors were purchased by consumers more often. However, the level of replacement of refill cartridge razors has been negatively affected as a result of product innovations. Advertisements have also affected the benefits accrued from frequent replacement of razors. Assessing and discussing the competitive position of Paramount Competitive positioning is all about how paramount company will differentiate its product in the market as well as create market value for it. This will involve checking on the company’s positioning strategy, market profile, the segment of the customer, SWOT analysis and value proposition. The company offers its consumers with two categories of refill cartridges and non-d isposable razors. The first category is the paramount Pro. This product line is positioned in the product category moderate segment. The second product line is the Paramount Avail. This product is viewed as a value offering. For the past five years, none of the product line has been able to introduce important technological innovations in the market. However, they enabled the company in 2009 to conquer the market leader position in terms of unit-volume. This was in reference to the 23.3% share of retail unit. The company new product â€Å"the Clean Edge† razor has resulted to disagreements in the company among various leaders. Some prefer niche product positioning for the product. This will seek to perfectly satisfy the needs of groomers who are fastidious and highly involved and in need of a powerful shaving experience. Some leaders advocate for mainstream positioning. This aims to focus on the superior advantage of offering its client with close to perfect shave. For exampl e, Rosenberg the Pro manager advocates for the adoption of the niche positioning rather than mainstream positioning. He feels that the adoption of the mainstream positioning will draw off clients from Pro. Additionally, the Pro power will be diluted by such a position and yet it’s the main brand of the company. The end result will be cannibalizing of the company from internal factors. On the other hand, the consideration of the niche positioning will perfectly promote the company’s product portfolio. Kim the corporate company market director argues that, the adoption of niche positioning will only satisfy an individual desire rather than the overall company performance (Quelch Becham, 2011, p.5). As a result of advanced technology, consumers have become more sophisticated and are in dire need of technological innovative products which Pro does not provide. The main reason is that Pro has already reached the maturity stage in terms of product life cycle and it’s expected to decline.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Clean Edge Razor: Splitting Hairs in Product Positioning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the application of the mainstream positioning to position Clean Edge will be valuable to the company. For instance, it will aid in preventing customers that are loyal to Paramount Company from being persuaded by brands that are more innovative. Clean Edge as the company’s new product has the potential of dominating in the market and therefore needs mainstream positioning. Analyzing the non-disposable razor market consumer behavior and segmentation The non-disposable razor market has been split into three based on quality and price. We have the super-premium segment, the value segment and the moderate segment. The super-premium has continuously experienced growth in terms of customer base and sales volume. This is attributed to product innovation in this se gment as compared to the other segments. As a result of innovation, numerous products are available in the market. These are such as the glide strips and lather bar types of non-disposable razor just to mention a few. From the 2009 research study conducted by Paramount, it was clear that there was an increase in the purchase of the replacement cartridges and razors as compared to other years. However, the company executives feel that the cycle of replacement has been affected as results of consumers need to try out products that are new in the market. The consumer intimacy with products varies from one consumer to another. There are those who are loyal to a product and cannot be persuaded to purchase any new product in the market. These consumers in the razor market are labeled as† maintenance shavers† and they are never concerned with any product category. On the contrary, the consumers who are interested in product category can be divided into various groups such as ae sthetic and emotional/ social shavers. These groups are anxious and are willing to act as a guinea pig when it comes to testing of new products in the market. The shavers who are emotional always gain motivation from the overall experience of shaving whilst the other group gets carried away by the outcome of the cosmetics (Aesthetic shavers). The increased demand for super-segment products will increase the sales of Paramount Company as it aims to put its new product† Clean Edge† along that product line. As a result of the introduction of this product into the market, the company will need to channel most of its resources into advertising in order to trigger demand. Arguments for Clean Edge Launching There exist two positions when it comes to launching of the Paramount new product: â€Å"Clean Edge†. There are those who are for mainstream positioning, whereas, there are those proposing the niche product position.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Niche product position: The Company CEO Mr. Randall recommends this position for the Clean Edge product. This is because of its focus on groomers that are fastidious and highly involved customers. These groomers are often pursuing a shaving experience that is more superior. Mainstream product position: This position aims at Paramount advantage of presenting the closest promising shave. In order to come up with a financial forecast that perfectly fits the above options, Randal the Company’s CEO made consultations with the manufacturing and marketing project team. While doing this, the effects of cannibalization were taken into consideration. A hotly contested debate arose whilst a meeting was held with regards to the above product position. This was between the company’s (Paramount) newly hired director of corporate marketing and Pros product Paramount manager Mr. William Kem and Albert Rosenberg respectively. Kim is in charge of the company’s non-disposable razo r group while Rosenberg is in charge of the grooming division. The two managers hold different views regarding the positioning of Clean Edge product. Rosenberg considers niche-positioning strategy while Kim supports mainstream positioning strategy. According to Rosenberg, mainstream positioning strategy will draw away clients from Pro product line. Furthermore, it will weaken the power of the brand (Pro) which is the superior product of the company. In his view, niche-positioning strategy will aid in complementing perfectly the company’s available product portfolio. This view is highly disputed by Kim. He thinks that Rosenberg is interested in fulfilling his desires rather than the company’s interest. Given the fact that the consumers are more complicated thus, expecting more advanced products in terms of technology, then mainstream position is highly recommended for Clean Edge. The use of this positioning will help in preventing Paramount customers that are loyal from being persuaded to consume brands that are more innovative. Therefore, this is viewed by Kim as the perfect positioning as the product has the potential of dominating in the market and mainstream position will help meet the achievement of this goal. Recommendation for Randal regarding the Argument Situation From the above argument, I would recommend Randal as the Chief Executive Officer of Paramount Company to apply mainstream positioning. This is because of its potential in Clean Edge super-premium segment. As a result, the new product will be the men standard shaving and would rapidly gain a competitive advantage in the market. Nevertheless, Randall has to take into consideration the overall company best possible positioning strategy. This is because the mainstream positioning strategy will be highly refuted by Rosenberg the product managers for the company’s Pro’s product. Therefore, Randall has to consider launching the product as a niche product. This should be d one for one year and not more than two years to satisfy Rosenberg and create a good working relationship in the company. Therefore, a simple pro forma should be established by Randall for purposes of identifying the cannibalization impact on paramount product line (Avail and Pro). Additionally, Randall should come up with contingency plans to deal with any challenges that might occur. This will aid in coming up with a decision that is more informed about the positioning of the product and identifying the perfect name of the brand and recommendations on the budget. Brand name for the company The identity of any product is what is known as brand name. It is often specific to a manufacture, a company or a producer. Brand name helps in differentiating similar products in the market such as the non-disposable razor. It is extremely important for a company to own a brand name if a company wants to survive in the aggressive business environment. Therefore, the selection of a brand name sho uld be done keenly. As the product identity and image highly depends on it. Brand name indicates product ownership. Given the current heavy marketing world, very distinct companies sell products that are similar. These products can only be differentiated through the use of a brand name which is unique to a company and easy to recognize. The loyalty of the customers largely depends on the name of the brand. Therefore, these customers will prefer products from a specific company. This is because they are well conversant about their products quality and price. Therefore, I recommend the use of â€Å"Paramount Clean Edge† as it highlights the company as the owner of the product. Market Budgeting Allocations In order to have a Clean Edge successful launch in the market, a significant market budget allocation will be needed. Therefore, for the first year, a total of fifteen million dollars ($15M) will be required for the niche positioning strategy. On the other hand, to maximize on the mainstream position full potential a marketing budget of forty two million dollars ($ 42M) will be required. Therefore, if Clean Edge is launched as a mainstream product, more marketing support will be needed. Despite this being expensive, I recommend mainstream position to be adopted as the market launching strategy. This is because of the underlying reasons. To begin with, the unit volumes for mainstream razors are expected in the first year to capture more than three times the volumes made by niche positioning. As a result, an advertising campaign that is more intensive will be required to capture the wide customer base. Moreover, trade and consumer promotion events will be mandatory and the numerous expenses that will be incurred will be based on volumes. The Key New Product Development lessons learned from the case Analysis From the case, analysis, there are numerous lessons that I have learned. For instance, in order for a company to come up with a new product in the mark et, a group of various experts needs to come together and offer their knowledge. Furthermore, the product should be developed using advanced technology as consumers are becoming more sophisticated. When it comes to market segmentation, there are those consumers who are loyal to a product to the extent that they are not interested in emerging products in the market. A part from the loyal customers, we have those customers who are emotional and aesthetic. These categories of consumers are always ready to experiment with any new product in the market. In a company, arguments are bound to arise when it comes to making decisions regarding the developed product. For example, in terms of positioning, there will be those who will advocate for mainstream product positioning whilst there are those who will go for niche product positioning. Therefore, as a company executive, one needs to do a cost benefit analysis before making any informed decision. A part from positioning, branding can also be a greatest challenge. Before, a brand name can be identified, some arguments have to exist. All in all, what the company really needs is for its product to improve on the sales volume and increase the number of its customers. Reference Quelch, J. A Becham, H 2011, Clean Edge Razor: Splitting hairs in product positing, Brief Cases, 1 (2), pp. 1-10.

Getting To Know The Vietnam School Syst Essay

Getting To Know The Vietnam School Syst Essay Getting To Know The Vietnam School Syst Essay Getting to Know the Vietnam School System Professor Autumn Finnerty It has been almost seven years since America opened its door for my family, and it has never ceased mesmerizing me. I came here for opportunities. I have been inundated with them. I came here for a better education. I came here for a much better life I will finish my Bachelor degree in Business at the end of 2015. I went to Sierra College for 4 years. Before that, I was in Ho Chi Minh City, the largest commercial center of Vietnam, finishing my first year of college. In Vietnam, students graduate from middle school in ninth grade. Tenth, 11th and 12th grades are considered part of high school. The Vietnamese education system differs from the U.S. one in several ways. Based on my experiences in Ho Chi Minh City: Children normally start school at 6 years old. But 4- or 5-year-olds sometimes are taught the alphabet and basic math. Schools generally start at 7 a.m. Before classes on Monday, there is usually a half hour of a â€Å"greeting the flag† session, during which students sing the national anthem and listen to a housekeeping talk by a school official in the courtyard. Elementary and middle school can end at around noon, but some can choose to extend hours. For high school students, noon breaks are allowed, but sometimes students are expected to return to school for classes until 5:30 p.m. After class, many take cram school classes in English, math and literature. Corruption happens here, when often the teachers who offer these classes let the students know ahead of time the material on their tests. Others choose to go to evening English centers. The uniform is a white T-shirt and navy pants. Students through ninth grade are expected to wear red scarves. In high school, they are expected to join the â€Å"Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union,† a Communist organization named after the nation’s ex-leader, and can wear badges instead. Tuition fees, paid monthly, are burdens to many low-income families. Textbook fees also are an impediment to education. Books are often printed in low quality and thus cannot be reused after a year or two. The curriculum changes every few years. Scholarships are rarely given. Students are expected to take a heavy compulsory course load. The students need to take the following classes starting from middle school: Vietnamese literature, math, biology, physics, chemistry (starting in 8th grade), history, geography, civics, foreign language (the most common is English, but French and Chinese are offered at some specialized schools), information technology, physical education, music and art (these two separate classes are not at the high school level). Students sit in one class, waiting for the teacher to arrive each period. Each class can have as many as 50 students. In high school, students have the option to choose among standard education, specialized social sciences education (with different textbooks for history, geography and literature), and specialized natural sciences education (with different textbooks for math, physics, chemistry and biology). Student-run activities are generally limited. Popular extracurricular activities include martial arts, swimming and Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union related works.

Do You Need an Appendix in Your College Paper - Proofed

Do You Need an Appendix in Your College Paper - Proofed Do You Need an Appendix in Your Paper? The debate over whether the human appendix does anything useful rages on. Much less controversial are the appendices you’ll find in a dissertation or thesis. These are definitely helpful! However, not every college paper needs an appendix. And if you do include one, you need to make sure you do it right. Here, then, is our guide to using appendices in academic documents. Do You Need an Appendix? You will only need appendices in your paper if you have a lot of extra material that doesn’t fit in the main body of the document. For instance, if you have conducted a survey, you might want to focus on certain data in the Results section of your paper. You can then pick and choose the key information, with the rest given in an appendix. This should be pointed to in the main text as follows: The full data shows that political engagement is increasing among those aged 18-24 years (see Appendix A). Your reader would then know to look in â€Å"Appendix A† for the survey results. If you do not mention an appendix in the main body of your paper, however, it probably doesn’t need to be there. What to Put in Appendices But what should go in appendices? The usual candidates include: Raw test data or results Graphs, charts, and tables Maps and illustrations Letters and emails Questionnaires and survey forms Interview transcripts The most important thing is that you only include non-essential information in appendices. If you rely upon something in your arguments, make sure to include it in the main body of your work. How to Format Appendices The correct format for appendices will depend on your school’s requirements, so make sure to check your style guide or ask your professor. As a general guideline, though, you should: Put appendices after the reference list at the end of your document Use a separate appendix for each type of information Clearly label each appendix with a letter or number, plus a title that tells the reader what it contains (e.g., Appendix A: Survey Results) Include all appendices in the table of contents at the start of your document If you do all of this, you should have a good set of appendices on your hands!

Alice DunbarNelson's poem, I Sit and Sew Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alice DunbarNelson's poem, I Sit and Sew - Essay Example Like the tasks of sewing, washing, cooking, etc., the rhyming couplets of a poem echo the 'scheme' of tasks that a woman must perform day in and day out, without reprieve. The refrain, although it is identical each time, does not rhyme with any other line or exist as part of a couplet. This seems to indicate that although it is a repeated emotion that the narrator feels very often, it is nevertheless not repetitive like the chores she has to do. Its repetition instead indicates that it is a powerful emotion that she feels again and again, an emotion that does not find an outlet and remains bottled up inside her. The first stanza contains a striking juxtaposition of the "useless task" of sewing with the tasks that men have to perform, which are instilled with grandeur and dignity, and are located in the public/political sphere, whereas the woman is confined to the domestic/personal sphere of existence: The lives of men are played out against a grandiose backdrop, suggested by words such as "panoply," "martial," and "grim-faced." In contrast, the woman is obviously relegated ton being one of the "lesser souls" who cannot participate in the all-important tasks of war and politics. The word "pageant" in stanza two may be compared with the word "panoply" in the first stanza. While the men are out creating history, women seem to be destined to play pre-determined roles in a pageant or masquerade which does not allow them to determine their own identities, but rather to passively sit back and accept the roles that a patriarchal agendas has created from them; they are defined by someone else's ideal of what they should be like. The first stanza also indicates that women's tasks are full of passivity. The verbs that are used to describe women's actions - "sit," "sew," "aches," etc - are all passive verbs that can be performed while staying in the same position. By contrast, the "martial tread" of men suggests that they are constantly moving forward. They are active while women are passive. Curiously, the appearance of men is described in considerable detail - their faces are grim and their eyes are stern. The woman, contrastingly, is not described at all in terms of her facial expression. It is as if the poet wants to present an external view of men, and an internalized portrait of a woman's thoughts and actions. It is clear that this is a woman's monologue, and that she is only capable of seeing herself as a fragmentary creature; it is only her hands that are described, and only in terms of being "tired." This stanza opens and closes with the refrain, suggesting that the woman's life is circumscribed on every side by reminders that she is supposed to remain passive. The opening lines of the next stanza suggest a burst of passion when the woman says fervently that her "heart aches with desire," but this fire has already been quenched by the "but" that immediately precedes it in the last lines of the previous stanza, reminding her that her task is to sit and sew, to remain passive and obedient. In the second stanza, the tone changes quite dramatically. Whereas the first stanza describes the actions of men in terms of a grand and

Why Sport Sponsorship is important for a company marketing strategy Dissertation

Why Sport Sponsorship is important for a company marketing strategy - Dissertation Example In addition to this, the research work also aims at understanding the influence of sports sponsorship on target audience. In this study, the researcher has selected a mixed research approach for this study, which includes both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Following this approach, the study includes interview with manager of Nike and survey of Manchester United fans. The interview responses are analyzed on the basis of thematic analysis approach, whereas responses from survey are analysed statistically, which include descriptive and regression analysis of the responses. The study has concluded that sports sponsorship has a significant importance for business entities, particularly Nike, which has been considered in this study. The findings of the study have concluded marketers regard sponsorship as a significant marketing tool. In addition to this, an overall positive impact of sports sponsorship of Nike has been observed on its brand identity. In today’s b usiness world, marketers are in continuous search of new avenues which can be used to promote their products and services and therefore gain new customer bases or retain existing ones (Kotler & Armstrong, 2008; Farris et al., 2010). Sports sponsorship is a modern marketing tool, which is nowadays used extensively by a number of large business enterprises (Ferrand et al., 2007). Sports are today regarded as global events and when bearing sponsors they possess the potential to promote brands all over the world. Sponsorship is often viewed as an entirely different activity in comparison with promotion. This difference in viewing these two mediums of marketing is based on the fact that promotions are considered and used as a direct marketing tool which targets specific customer bases, whereas sponsorships are regarded as part of a company’s corporate social responsibility activities. As for instance, in sporting events sponsors pay significant amounts of money to help organizers to successfully arrange the event and entertain general public (Boyle & Haynes, 2009). However, notwithstanding the direct and indirect nature of promotions and sponsorships, corporate entities are always keen to gain from anything they do. Keeping aside the less direct nature of sponsorship, the underlying objectives are purely based on marketing principles. Building brand’s identity, equity, awareness, values, etc. is all what marketers seek through any channel of marketing (Ferrand et al., 2007). Moreover, with fierce competition all over the globe and increase in globalization and its effects, marketers have turned sports sponsorship activities into large scale marketing campaigns (Boyle & Haynes, 2009). 1.2. Research Aim The broad aim of this research work is to determine the

Overpopulation of Man O war causing reduced fish population Essay

Overpopulation of Man O war causing reduced fish population - Essay Example In the history of man, it has been known that he lived in practically any type of environment. There are those who lived in the wet lands; all they did was to reclaim the land thereby making them habitable. On the other hand, there are those who lived in the deserts; here too, they tried to make them a bit habitable. Man has even lived in the snow in the polar regions and just was the case with the men who lived in the other regions, here too, man tried making it more habitable (Joel, 2004). In the ensuing process of reclamation of the land or the ecosystem to suit the specifications of man, the environment suffers a great deal. The environment, whether very harsh or conducive, is home to other animals. Encroaching on these lands and making them habitable for humans inconveniences the rest of the animals a great deal. The inconvenience may result in the animals reacting in diverse ways; these could be as diverse as some of the animals dying in mass thereby resulting in extinction of species (Kevin, 1998). Man derives his food from his environment. This logical fact is responsible for the diversity that exists in men. Historically, there were esteemed hunters, gatherers, and even fishermen among others. Man depended on his environment more in the pre medieval times when the world was not as developed as it is today. This type of intense over dependencies resulted in more conflict between man and his environment; he never added any value to the ecosystem and to all that lived alongside with him. He tried to make his environment safer for his survival and this resulted in the death of those animals he deemed a threat to his peaceful life. To obtain food, he harvested plants and killed other animals. After making the environment safe and establishing food security for his family, it was eminent that man’s population would increase. Increase in the population of such a domineering animal only meant one thing, more resources would be reclaimed thus more other animals that had previously habited alongside him would be greatly inconvenienced. There would be increased demand for food; this meant that more of the other animals eaten by man would decrease in population. An increase in man’s population means increased demand for land which leads to the most basic need; habitation or accommodation. Consequently, more land is thus reclaimed. One other aspect of man’s life that was quite disastrous to the environment is his belief in ownership. He gets to an environment, grabs some huge junk of land and turns the land his with all that lives in it (Haynes, 2010). This claim of ownership gives him authority over all other animals and plants that live in the land. He is thus free to do with them as he so please even if it means cutting don the trees and killing the animals. The most basic food eaten by man in the history of man is fish, these are small aqua animals that are very rich in protein. This thus made them bearers of great po rtions of man’s implications on the environment. Fish replicates very fast, within five months, a fish is fully-grown and lays eggs, despite this rapid population growth, the fish in the terrestrial regions could not withstand the demand pressure that man laid on them (Thomas & Michael, 2001). The rate of increase of human’s population was alarming furthermore in the terrestrial regions, the commonly existing water bodies that were thus homes

Australian organisations must adopt sustainability reporting in the Essay

Australian organisations must adopt sustainability reporting in the 21st century - Essay Example Sustainability reporting in Australia is voluntary, meaning that the organizations are not bound by law to report it in their financial statements. So, the purpose of this essay is to emphasize on the fact that Australian companies should adapt sustainability reporting in the present century and to establish why and how the organizations should meet the requirements of sustainability reporting and how will it be profitable to them. Sustainability reporting involves the display of a company’s economic, social and environmental performance and its impacts through the company’s annual reports. There are various reasons as to why a company should report its performance. Sustainability reporting helps in establishing a stronger trust relationship with the stakeholders. The stakeholders view the company as being honest about their actions and performance, thus it strengthens the image of an organization as being sincere and considerate towards the environment it operates in. The key towards establishing strong relations is not to report the good part only but the discrepancies as well; it leads the stakeholders like employees to trust their employers and execute hard work to enhance the performance of the company (Blackburn, 2007). Such actions give the sense of legitimate reporting of corporate activities. This ensures acceptance by the key stakeholders of the company especially towards the management decisions and activities that may be sometimes seen as of compromising nature (Schaltegger, Bennett and Burritt, 2006). By incorporating sustainability reporting into the strategic designing of an organization, a company can link all its operations to achieve those goals that are expected of it. Various operational benefits can also be derived through implementing sustainability reporting. The various costs that are incurred because of the irresponsible use of materials

Al-Ghazali Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Al-Ghazali - Essay Example He wrote many books on a wide range of topics which included jurisprudence, theology, mysticism and philosophy. One of his biggest achievements was to change the course of Islamic philosophy by successfully refuting the early Islamic Neo-Platonism. Al-Ghazil studied philosophy intensely and was aware of its theoretical attraction and its structural forte. It is considered that he was indirectly influenced by philosophy even though he fought sharply against philosophy and tried to highlight its contradiction. (Campanini, 2007) Al-Ghazil`s father treasured the companionship of jurists and Sufi and wished to have children who would pursue this way of life. His birth took place in the village of Tabaran nearby Tus in northeast Iran and came from an unassertive family. When he was still in his childhood his father expired and left pint-sized cash in the custody of his Sufi friend. When the money given by his father ran out, he joined a Madrasah which allowed him to get a remuneration plus room and board. Later on in his life, Al-Ghazali travelled Nisahapur and studied with the famous scholar of that time Al-Juwayni at the college of Nizamyah. Al-Ghazali was one of his most well-known pupils and Al-Juwayni used to call him an ocean of knowledge. After the demise of his mentor he then journeyed to the camp of Seljuk wazir Nizam al-Mulk which was the meeting place of intellectuals. His distinction was noted swiftly in such a well-known gathering and that is why Nizam al-Mulk selected him as an instructor in the famous Nizamyah college of Baghdad. (Hozien 2001) In 1095 A.D. Al-Ghazali wrote a book called Tahafah al-Falasifah â€Å"Incoherence of the Philosophers† in which he attacked the Greek-inspired philosophers. In this book Al-Ghazali judged the beliefs of these philosophers to be opposing to the teachings contained in the Quran and said that they were spreading falsehood. He stated that the philosopher`s teaching were having a bad influence on Islamic thoug hts and faith. No one at that time could give a convincing argument against Al-Ghazali (Bergh, 1954) After around eighty years ibn Rushud responded to Al-Ghazali`s attack by publishing a book called Tahafah al-Tahafah (â€Å"The Incoherence of the Incoherence†), where he alternately cited Ghazali’s views and his own. One of the topic in which these two intellects debated was cause and effect. Al-Ghazali explained that the necessary existence between cause and effect does not validate that the same effect would take place of a specific cause. He specifically focused on the relationship between fire and burning, mentioning that the former only happens because Allah as an agent led it to be. He dismissed the belief that the cause and its effect takes place naturally but happens because of the willingness of Allah. Al-Ghazali referred to the account of Abraham in Quran who was preternaturally protected from the harm of fire. Al-Ghazali accused the theorists of keeping a vi ew against Islam because he explained that the philosophers rejected the possibility that Abraham could be unharmed by fire as long as it kept its characteristic of burning. Ibn Rushud refuted this allegation by clarifying that if an object does not have a precise characteristic, then the object would lose its distinct term and meaning. He further explained that the disowning of cause and effect would result in the rejection of a person`s own assertion. Ibn Rushud wrote in his book that if  motive is impermissible to realize, then there is an obvious association between two  succeeding actions. Hence it would not be able to function according to its function and will lose the influence of making obvious thoughts and would not have the chance of

How the writing about skateboarding reflects the views of Essay

How the writing about skateboarding reflects the views of skateboarders - Essay Example Skateboarders have always viewed the sport this way. On the other hand, if you ask non-skateboarders about what they think of skateboarding the responses will vary. Society’s perception of skateboarding is always changing. The early writings about skateboarding show that society’s appreciation for the sport outweighed the public’s frustrations with skateboarders. By the late 1980’s when skateboarding showed resurgence, writings about skateboarding voiced frustrations with the skateboarding culture and even tried to deter people from skateboarding. Today there still exists some negative stereotypes from the past, but society is more careful when writing about skateboarding. To examine the changing perception of skateboarding, this essay examines writings about skateboarding in the late seventies, and late eighties (both eras had a resurgence of popularity to the sport) then the present date, to illustrate the changing views of the activity. Technological ad vances in the design of the skateboard in the 1970’s created an explosion of new skateboarders around the world. As a result, the skill level of skateboarders progressed quickly. Skateboarding was just beginning to become recognized as a sport in the late 1970’s. This resulted in skateboarding companies flourishing. Skateboards, skateboarding paraphernalia, and plenty of skateboarding magazines emerged. The skateboarding magazines eager to profit from this new sport would have to be careful with their treatment, as to make it appealing to young skateboarders, but also write cautiously about the problems associated with skateboarding. One considers that an article ‘There’s more than one shiny pebble on Brighton Beach’ (1977) discussed the planning stages of a skateboarding club. Still, they only briefly mention the problems associated with skateboarding, noting â€Å"there was a general discussion about the new sport – its popularity and its problems.† Although, one may find articles in skateboarding magazines that mention that skateboarding has its problems, it is very difficult to find any articles which go into detail about those problems. This article is selective in how it chooses the material to present the problems associated with skateboarding because during the late 70’s skateboarding was just beginning to gain popularity. The explosion of many new skateboarders meant lots of new skateboards and skateboard paraphernalia to be sold. Hence, skateboarding magazines would have been cautious in what they choose to portray. When this article refers to trouble making kids they say are inferring that the group prevents them from causing trouble. The articles notes It’s all worth it and very refreshing for those of us involved. Kids who are normally out in the streets aren’t – they come skateboarding with us instead. We get some of the young hoods with us but they never cause trouble. A ll they want to do is skateboard – and that’s why it’s so rewarding. (para. 6) When this article refers to kids who cause trouble being when there out on the streets, it does not go into to detail about those problems. The article illustrates how it is rewarding to see the group have a positive effect on the youth, as it keeps them out of trouble. Since skateboarding was only beginning to gain popularity during the late 1970’s, it is possible that the general public was not entirely frustrated with skateboarders yet. Teeter (1979) further expands the discussion on skateboarding, in a newspaper article from the Lethbridge Herald. This article is also only slightly suggestive of the public’s frustrations with skateboardin

Al-Ghazali Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Al-Ghazali - Essay Example He wrote many books on a wide range of topics which included jurisprudence, theology, mysticism and philosophy. One of his biggest achievements was to change the course of Islamic philosophy by successfully refuting the early Islamic Neo-Platonism. Al-Ghazil studied philosophy intensely and was aware of its theoretical attraction and its structural forte. It is considered that he was indirectly influenced by philosophy even though he fought sharply against philosophy and tried to highlight its contradiction. (Campanini, 2007) Al-Ghazil`s father treasured the companionship of jurists and Sufi and wished to have children who would pursue this way of life. His birth took place in the village of Tabaran nearby Tus in northeast Iran and came from an unassertive family. When he was still in his childhood his father expired and left pint-sized cash in the custody of his Sufi friend. When the money given by his father ran out, he joined a Madrasah which allowed him to get a remuneration plus room and board. Later on in his life, Al-Ghazali travelled Nisahapur and studied with the famous scholar of that time Al-Juwayni at the college of Nizamyah. Al-Ghazali was one of his most well-known pupils and Al-Juwayni used to call him an ocean of knowledge. After the demise of his mentor he then journeyed to the camp of Seljuk wazir Nizam al-Mulk which was the meeting place of intellectuals. His distinction was noted swiftly in such a well-known gathering and that is why Nizam al-Mulk selected him as an instructor in the famous Nizamyah college of Baghdad. (Hozien 2001) In 1095 A.D. Al-Ghazali wrote a book called Tahafah al-Falasifah â€Å"Incoherence of the Philosophers† in which he attacked the Greek-inspired philosophers. In this book Al-Ghazali judged the beliefs of these philosophers to be opposing to the teachings contained in the Quran and said that they were spreading falsehood. He stated that the philosopher`s teaching were having a bad influence on Islamic thoug hts and faith. No one at that time could give a convincing argument against Al-Ghazali (Bergh, 1954) After around eighty years ibn Rushud responded to Al-Ghazali`s attack by publishing a book called Tahafah al-Tahafah (â€Å"The Incoherence of the Incoherence†), where he alternately cited Ghazali’s views and his own. One of the topic in which these two intellects debated was cause and effect. Al-Ghazali explained that the necessary existence between cause and effect does not validate that the same effect would take place of a specific cause. He specifically focused on the relationship between fire and burning, mentioning that the former only happens because Allah as an agent led it to be. He dismissed the belief that the cause and its effect takes place naturally but happens because of the willingness of Allah. Al-Ghazali referred to the account of Abraham in Quran who was preternaturally protected from the harm of fire. Al-Ghazali accused the theorists of keeping a vi ew against Islam because he explained that the philosophers rejected the possibility that Abraham could be unharmed by fire as long as it kept its characteristic of burning. Ibn Rushud refuted this allegation by clarifying that if an object does not have a precise characteristic, then the object would lose its distinct term and meaning. He further explained that the disowning of cause and effect would result in the rejection of a person`s own assertion. Ibn Rushud wrote in his book that if  motive is impermissible to realize, then there is an obvious association between two  succeeding actions. Hence it would not be able to function according to its function and will lose the influence of making obvious thoughts and would not have the chance of

Logic Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Logic Questions - Assignment Example 2. Every event in the world is caused by other events. Human actions and decisions are events in the world. Therefore, every human action and decision is caused by other events. This is a deductive argument. This argument is valid and sound because the claim is logical that the actions and decisions of humans are caused by other events in the world. Similarly, humans react to the events going on around them, which often incite further events that can also be responded to. 3. If God exists, then life has meaning. God does not exist. Therefore, life has no meaning. This argument is a deductive argument. It is an invalid and unsound argument because life has meaning regardless of whether or not God exists. If human beings were created by a higher being, they were created for a purpose; their existence is proof enough that their lives have meaning. If humans were not created by a higher being but through natural means, their lives have meaning by being on earth and creating their own meaning. 4. All cows are purple. Socrates is purple. Therefore, Socrates is a cow. This is deductive argument. This argument is invalid and unsound because we are physically able to determine that Socrates is not a cow. Furthermore, we are able to conclude that Socrates and cows are not purple. Since the premises are not true, the conclusion cannot be true. 5. William James and John Dewey both called themselves pragmatists. They are the leading American philosophers. Therefore, all American philosophers are pragmatists. This is an inductive argument. This argument is invalid and unsound because the identities of these two men as pragmatists cannot be applied to a larger group. Since a lot of philosophical thought is based on theory, pragmatism would not be logically applicable to all American philosophers. 6. Believing in God makes people moral - that is, believers tend to do good and avoid evil. This argument is deductive. It is an invalid and unsound

English class system Essay Example for Free

English class system Essay The rigidity of the English class system is the root of tragedy in both novels. Discuss how far and in what ways do you agree or disagree with this? In both novels the rigidity of the social class system is the main cause of the tragedy although there are other aspects in each novel that add to the tragedy such as forbidden love, childhood innocence and jealousy. All these factors lead to Robbie Turner being falsely accused and later imprisoned for the rape of Lola due to Briony’s jealousy of the love that Robbie has for her sister Cecilia, in ‘Atonement’. They also contribute to Ted Burgess suicide as a result of his shame due to his social class and also Leo’s jealousy and childhood innocence, all this played a role in Marian Trimingham and Ted Burgess being caught and the subsequent tragedy that occurred such as Leo Colston’s physiological trauma in ‘The go between’. The social divide in ‘Atonement’ was very obvious; Robbie was accepted into the Tallis family but was never equal to them. Cecilia almost feared the relationship she had with Robbie because of his class and the repercussions it could have for her and her family within the upper class sociality â€Å"Why dont you talk to Robbie anymore?† â€Å"I do. We just move in different circles, thats all.† The social divide is also obvious after Lola’s rape in the way that it is only the men of a lower class that are questioned throwing aside the reputations that Robbie Turner and Danny Hardman had with the family and honest, hardworking men. The final thing that shows the class divide is when Cecilia finally confesses her love for Robbie her family disown her and she is force to live a lower class life because the Tallis family are scared of how their reputation would be affected if they gave their blessing for their daughter to marry not only a lower class but one that had been convicted of rape The social divide in ‘The go between’ is clear because of the fact that Ted comes from a much lower class than Marian meaning there can be no possible future for the relationship because of the social taboos involved â€Å"The past is a foreign country; they do things differently there.† Another way in which social divide is evident in this novel is when Leo decides that he is not comfortable to continue being the go between Marian and Ted but Marian pressures him into doing it with the help the power that comes with her higher class. Although social class in the root of all the tragedy’s that happen in the novel there are sub tragedies such as jealousy, childhood naivety and forbidden love. Jealousy is the second biggest factor that adds to the tragedy in ‘Atonement’ because if Briorny had not been jalousie of the clear affection Robbie had for Cecilia she would not have opened the letter thus she would not have been so bias when she saw Lola was being raped. Although it also seems that Briony may have been trying to seek revenge on Robbie as age was hurt by the fact he loved Cecilia more than her and this came to a head when Briony walked in on Robbie and Cecilia in the library. This factor of jealousy also links in closely with childhood innoce nce as later on in the novel Briony realises her naivety as a child How guilt refined the methods of self-torture, threading the beads of detail into an eternal loop, a rosary to be fingered for a lifetime. The fact she did not truly understand what was going on and what the consequences of her actions would lead to and the dire consequences it would hold for everyone involved. Childhood innocence is the second biggest contributor to the tragedy in the novel ‘The go between’ as when Leo begins to read the letters he is taking between Marian and ted he becomes uncomfortable with the contents of them due to his childhood innocence and nativity towards life. Also when he tries to stop being the go between for Maria and Ted he is put under psychological pressure and is forced to continue â€Å"Grown-ups didnt seem to realize that for me, as for most other schoolboys, it was easier to keep silent than to speak. I was a natural oyster.† . Ultimately, Leo’s involvement as messenger between the lovers has disastrous consequences. The trauma which results when Maria’s family discover what are going on leads directly to Ted’s suicide. The third most important factor that influenced the tragedy in the novel ‘Atonement’ would be childhood innocence this affects how the novel ends up greatly as it is clear that Briony is in love with Robbie and from the way she talks of him you can see even though she feels as if she has matured she is still very childish in her ways The very complexity of her feelings confirmed Briony in her view that she was entering an arena of adult emotion and if she cannot have him then nobody can. Although she may have not intended for the events to become tragic as they did. â€Å"Yes. I saw him. I saw him with my own eyes.† It was clear that it was not just Robbie but Cecilia that she was punishing as well for the fact she has stolen Robbie from her in her eyes â€Å"I wouldnt necessarily believe everything Briony tells you. Shes rather fanciful†. Another thing is that if Briony had not been a child at the time she would have taken a much different perspective on the many events that led her to thinking that Robbie was a â€Å"sex maniac† The third most important factor that contributed to the tragedy in ‘The go between’ was the forbidden love between Marian and Ted because if it had not been for the love that they had for each other Leo would not have become the go between and later on being forced to carry on and t would also not have led to Ted’s tragic suicide. There was also the forbidden love between Leo held for Marian that eventually led to Leo being put under immense psychological pressure â€Å"Not Adam and Eve, after eating the apple, could have been more upset than I was.† The Feminist view on the use of it in ‘Atonement’ would be, Feminism adds greatly to the tragedy caused by the social class because women in the novel are portrayed as weak and fluttery in the way that they cannot stick to one thing and follow their hearts over their head â€Å"What do you say, Cecilia? Does the hot weather make you behave badly? Good heavens, youre blushing.† wseaA good example of this is when Cecilia is adamant of Robbie’s innocence but nobody listens to her as they all think she is just a silly woman that has fallen in love with a man below her class Ill wait for you was elemental. It was the reason he had survived. It was the ordinary way of saying she would refuse all other men. Only you. Come back†. The fact that only men are conscripted into the army and women where simply not allowed to join splints Robbie and Cecilia up again and exacerbates the clear line between peoples thoughts on women at that time. The other instance that feminism affects this novel is when Lola is raped in the way that Paul Marshall believes women as objects and that they are only there to satisfy men. This gives a clear view of how women where objectified in this time A Feminist view of the use of it in ‘The go between’ would be, the reason that the love between Marian and Ted is forbidden because Marian is the higher class person in the relationship at the time, whereas if the man had been the upper class he probably would have been commended for having a mistress â€Å"The past is a foreign country; they do things differently there.†. This is because at that time women were thought to be led by their hearts rather than their heads which in most circumst ances lead to dire consequences and are patronised by men when they make a mistake â€Å"Its better to write about things you feel than about things you know about.† . The other instance of Feminism in this novel is A Marxist opinion on the use of it in the novel ‘Atonement’ is that, Marxism and the class system are closely related in the way that there is a huge amount of social inequalities in the novel that led to Robbie’s imprisonment. This is shown when the police only question Robbie Turner and Danny Hardman about the rape of Lola and even though the family have known Robbie the whole of his life once he is accused of the rape they quickly turn on him and do not for a second believe him when he pleads his innocence â€Å"what is the point now they just want the hideous thing to be forgotten† as they believe that nobody from the upper class could ever commit such a heinous crime. This enhances the idea that reader has of the adults and even though they are supposed to be mature and have a more even outlook on life they are still very childish on their outlook on the class system and the way that it affects a person. They also believe that it is only people of a lower class that would ever commit a crime. Marxism applied to another factor that caused the tragedy could be when the Talli’s family take Robbie in out of pity because he is from not only a lower class but from a broken family as well. They then pay for his education which puts emphasises on the distance between the classes. A Marxist opinion on the use of it in ‘The go between’ is that, Marxism and the class system are closely related in the novel in the way that there is a huge amount of social inequalities in the novel that led to not only Ted’s suicide, but the physiological damage that is done to Leo in the process â€Å"The past is a foreign country; they do things differently there.† Marxism applied to another factor that causes tragedy could be when the Maudsley family take Leo in out of pity, showing the clear division of classes at that time and even though they treat his well he is always clearly an outsider. A good example of this is when Marian pressures him into carry on delivering messages between Ted and her even though it is clearly making him feel uncomfortable. In conclusion of both ‘The go between’ and ‘Atonement’ the key causes of the main tragedy is the social divide between the classes and that the upper class are all too happy to use the lower class for their benefit and then disown them as soon as they become a hassle. The 2 novels also share the sub causes to the main tragedy’s which are forbidden love, childhood innocence and jealousy. Although in each of the novels the sub causes did affect the main tragedy in different amounts.

Effectiveness of Assertiveness Training

Effectiveness of Assertiveness Training CHAPTER – IV DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION This chapter deals with analysis and interpretation of data to study the effectiveness of assertiveness training programme on the level of self esteem among adolescents at selected school. The result findings have been tabulated and interpreted according to plan for data analysis. The data collected from 60 samples were grouped and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results are presented under the following. ORGANIZATION OF DATA Section A: Distribution of demographic variables of adolescents Section B: Distribution of subjects according to level of self esteem among adolescents  before and after training programme. Section C: Comparison of effectiveness of assertive training programme on the level of  Self esteem among adolescents in experimental group and wait listed control  group. Section D: Association between the level of self esteem among adolescents with selected  demographic variables. SECTION A Table No 1: Distribution of subjects according to their demographic variables (N=60) S.No Demographic variables Experimental group Wait listed Control group Frequency % Frequency % 1. Age a .11-13 yrs b. 13-15yrs c. 15-17yrs 12 17 1 40 56.7 3.3 10 19 1 33.3 63.3 3.3 2. Sex a. Male b. Female 10 20 33.3 66.7 14 16 46.7 53.3 3. Religion a. Hindu b. Christian c. Muslim 19 8 3 63.3 26.7 10 15 8 7 50 26.7 23.3 4. Residency a. Urban b. Rural 19 11 63.3 36.7 20 10 66.7 33.3 5. Type of family a. Nuclear b. Joint 23 7 76.7 23.3 20 10 66.7 33.3 6. Father’s education a. Illiterate b. Primary c. Higher secondary d. Graduate 3 8 9 10 10 26.7 30 33.3 4 10 8 8 13.3 33.3 26.7 26.7 7. Mother’s education a. Illiterate b. Primary c. Higher secondary d. Graduate 6 9 9 6 20 30 30 20 9 10 6 5 30 33.3 20 16.7 8. Father’s occupation a. Government sector b. Private sector c. Business d. coolie 5 7 15 3 16.7 23.3 50 10 3 10 14 3 10 33.3 46.7 10 9. Mother’s occupation a. Government sector b. Private sector c. Business d. Housewife 3 10 1 16 10 33.3 3.3 53.3 3 15 1 11 10 50 3.3 36.7 10. Annual Income a. 50000-100000 b. 100000-200000 c. 200000 above 6 13 11 20 43.3 36.7 8 15 7 26.7 50 23.3 Table 1 : Shows that frequency and percentage distribution of demographic variables of experimental and wait listed control group with respect to age, sex, religion, residency, type of family, father’s education, father’s occupation, mother’s education, mother’s occupation and annual income. Regarding Age, majority of the subjects in Experimental Group 17 (56.7 %) in Wait listed Control Group 19 (63.3%) were in the age group of 13-15 years. Regarding Sex, majority of the subjects in Experimental Group 20 (66.7 %) in Wait Listed Control Group 16 (53.3%) were females. Regarding Religion, majority of the subjects in Experimental Group 19 (63.3 %) in Wait Listed Control Group 15 (50%) were Hindus. Regarding Residency, majority of the subjects in Experimental Group 19 (63.3%) in Wait Listed Control Group 18 (60%) were from urban area. Regarding Type of Family, majority of the subjects in Experimental Group 23 (76.7 %) in Wait Listed Control Group 20 (66.7%) were from nuclear family. Regarding Father’s Education, majority of the subjects in Experimental Group 10 (33.3 %) were graduates in Wait Listed Control Group 10 (33.3%) were Primary  education level. Regarding Mother’s Education, majority of the subjects in Experimental Group 9 (30 %) were Higher Secondary level in Wait Listed Control Group 10 (33.3%) were Primary education level. Regarding Father’s Occupation, majority of the subjects in Experimental Group 15 (50 %) in Wait Listed Control Group 14(46.7%) were business men. Regarding Mother’s Occupation, majority of the subjects in Experimental Group 16 (53.3 %) were housewives in Wait Listed Control Group 15(50%) were working in private sector. Regarding Annual Income of the family, majority of the subjects in Experimental Group 13 (43.3 %) in Wait Listed Control Group 15 (50%) were ranged from Rs.100000-200000. FIG:3 –Distribution of subjects according to their age in both experimental  and wait listed control group FIG:4 – Distribution of subjects according to their Sex in both experimental and wait listed control group FIG:5 – Distribution of subjects according to their Religion among experimental and wait listed control group FIG:6 –Distribution of subjects in Residency among experimental and wait  listed control group FIG:7 –Distribution of subjects in type of family among experimental and  wait listed control group FIG:8 –Distribution of subjects in father’s education among experimental  and wait listed control group FIG:9 –Distribution of subjects in mother’s education among experimental  and wait listed control group FIG:10 –Distribution of subjects in father’s occupation among experimental and wait  listed control group FIG:11 –Distribution of subjects in mother’s occupation among experimental  and wait listed control group FIG:12 –Distribution of subjects in annual income of the family among experimental  and wait listed control group SECTION B Table 2: Distribution of subjects according to their level of self esteem before and after Assertiveness training among adolescents. (N=60) S.No Level of self esteem Group Range of score Mean SD High SE Low SE 60-80 80-100 20-40 40-60 1. Before assertiveness training Experimental group 52.06 7.6 Wait listed control group 53.96 3.9 2. After assertiveness training Experimental group (post1) 79.8 5.7 Experimental group (post 2) 74.83 9.03 Wait listed Control group 55.13 3.86 Table 2 shows that distribution of subjects according to the level of self esteem before and after assertiveness training among adolescents. In that, mean value of level of self esteem before assertiveness training in experimental group was 52.06 in control group it was 53.96 and also the mean value of level of self esteem after assertiveness training in experimental group post test 1 and post test 2 was 79.8 74.83 , and in control group it was 55.13 FIG 15: Distribution of subjects according to their level of self esteem before and after assertiveness training among adolescents. SECTION C Table 3 : Comparison of mean pre test value of level of self esteem among adolescents in Experimental Group and Wait Listed Control Group. (N=60) S.NO Level of self esteem Group Mean SD ‘t’ value 1. Pre test Experimental group 52.06 7.6 1.213 (NS) Wait listed Control group 53.96 3.9 NS –Not significant Table 3 describes that obtained independent ‘t’ value for the mean difference in pre test level of self esteem between experimental and control group is 1.213 and it is not statistically significant at 0.05 level, hence there is no significant difference exist between level of self esteem among experimental and control group and also shows that both the groups were homogenous before giving assertiveness training. FIG:16- Comparison of mean pre test value of level of self esteem among adolescents in Experimental Group and Wait Listed Control Group Table 4 : Comparison of mean post test value of level of self esteem among adolescents in Experimental Group and Control Group.(N=60) S.NO Level of self esteem Group Mean SD ‘t’ value 1. Post test 1 Experimental group 79.8 5.68 19.640** Wait listed Control group 55.13 3.86 2. Post test 2 Experimental group 74.83 9.03 10.982** Wait listed Control group 55.13 3.86 ** Significant at .001 level Table 4 describes that obtained independent ‘t’ value for the mean difference in post test 1 and post test 2 level of self esteem between experimental and control group is 19.640 10.982 and it is statistically significant at 0.05 level, hence there is significant difference exist between post test 1 and post test 2 level of self esteem among experimental and control group after receiving assertiveness training. FIG:17 Comparison of mean post test value of level of self esteem in both groups Table 5 : Comparison of mean Pre and Post test level of self esteem among adolescents in Experimental Group (N=30) S.NO Group Test Mean SD ‘t’ value 1. Experimental group Pre test Post test 1 52.06 79.8 7.6 5.68 16.181** Pre test Post test 2 52.06 74.83 7.6 9.03 10.694** ** Significant at 0.001 level Table 5 depicts that obtained paired ‘t’ value for the mean difference in Pre, Post test1 Post test 2 level of self esteem in Experimental group is 16.181 10.694 and it is statistically significant at 0.05 level, hence there is significant difference exist between pre and post test level of self esteem among Experimental group after receiving assertiveness training. FIG:18 Comparison of mean Pre and Post test level of self esteem among adolescents in Experimental Group Table 6 : Comparison of mean Pre and Post test level of self esteem among adolescents in Wait listed Control Group. (N=30) S.NO Group Test Mean SD ‘t’ value 1. Wait listed Control group Pre test Post test 53.96 55.13 3.9 3.86 1.125 (NS) Table 6 depicts that obtained paired ‘t’ value for the mean difference in Pre and Post test level of self esteem in Control group is 1.125 and it is not statistically significant at 0.05 level, hence there is no significant difference exist between pre and post test level of self esteem among adolescents in Wait Listed Control group. FIG:19- Comparison of mean Pre and Post test level of self esteem among adolescents in Wait Listed Control Group Table 7 : Comparison of mean post test value of level of self esteem in different period of time among adolescents in Experimental Group (N=30) S.NO Group Test MEAN SD T value P value 1. Experimental Group Post Test1 Post Test2 79.8 74.83 5.6 9.03 2.43 0.021* ** Significant at .01 level Table 7 revealed that obtained paired ‘t’ value for the mean difference in post test value of level of self esteem in different period of time (immediate, one month after) among adolescents in Experimental Group is 2.43 and it is statistically significant at 0.05 level, hence there is significant improvement in level of self esteem among adolescents in different period of time ( immediate, one month after) in experimental group. FIG: 20 Comparison of mean post test value of level of self esteem in different period of time among adolescents in Experimental Group SECTION D: Table no: 8- Association between post-test level of self esteem among adolescents with demographic variables in Experimental Group Wait listed control group (N=60) S.NO Demographic variables Experimental group Wait listed control group Frequency P value Frequency P value 1. Age a .11-13 yrs b. 13-15yrs c. 15-17yrs 12 17 1 0.263 (NS) 10 19 1 0.668 (NS) 2. Sex a. Male b. Female 10 20 0.595 (NS) 14 16 0.314 (NS) 3. Religion a. Hindu b. Muslim c. Christian 19 8 3 0.395 (NS) 15 8 7 0.064 (NS) 4. Residency a. Urban b. Rural 19 11 0.172 (NS) 20 10 0.514 (NS) 5. Type of family a. Nuclear b. Joint 23 7 0.260 (NS) 20 10 0.374 (NS) 6. Father’s education a. Illiterate b. Primary c. Higher secondary d. Graduate 3 8 9 10 0.388 (NS) 4 10 8 8 0.17 (NS) 7. Mother’s education a. Illiterate b. Primary c. Higher secondary d. Graduate 6 9 9 6 0.512 (NS) 9 10 6 5 0.632 (NS) 8. Father’s occupation a. Government sector b. Private sector c. Business d. coolie 5 7 15 3 0.406 (NS) 3 10 14 3 0.415 (NS) 9. Mother’s occupation a. Government sector b. Private sector c. Business d. Housewife 3 10 1 16 0.12 (NS) 3 15 1 11 0.334 (NS) 10. Annual Income a. 50000-100000 b. 100000-200000 c. 200000 above 6 13 11 0.075 (NS) 8 15 7 0.527 (NS) * Significant at 0.01 level NS – Not significant Table 8 reveals that the calculated chi square test value for level of self esteem with demographic variables such as age, sex, religion, residency, type of family, father’s education, father’s occupation and annual income in experimental group. It also shows that there is no significant association exist between the level of self esteem with demographic variables such as age, sex, religion, residency, type of family, father’s education, father’s occupation, annual income and academic performance in wait listed control group.